Advisory Letters

Created December 22, 2022

The FCC is currently considering rule changes that would require all EAS participants from iHeart to LPFM stations to have a detailed Cyber-Security Risk Management Plan framework for their station.  For big corporations and government agencies, these types of plans can be dozens of pages long.  REC is currently fighting imposing such a massive requirement on LPFM and other smaller broadcast stations.  Instead, we are calling on the EAS industry to fix their equipment at their own expense by providing additional security features such as two factor authentication and to only require LPFM and smaller stations to utilize a pre-defined simplistic standard of good network security in lieu of creating, maintaining and updating a complex enterprise-based framework plan that is more suited for institutional users such as universities, iHeart, Verizon and Comcast.  

Following a Practice of Good Network Security assures that the assets of an LPFM or other Small Station are properly protected from cyber-attacks and other illicit activity, especially where it comes to the protection of the Emergency Alert System (EAS) decoder/encoder, which if compromised, can result in the initiation of a false alert that can create local panic, alert fatigue and require the station to initiate FCC processes in order to report the false alert.

In addition to making sure that you are running a current version of the EAS software/firmware, REC makes the following recommendations to assure that a station's EAS decoder is best secured on their network to prevent false alerts:

Never use static IP addresses.  A static IP address is an IP address that is specific to the device (such as the EAS decoder).  Static IP addresses are assigned by the internet service provider (ISP) and are normally used only in institutional environments (such as universities or large corporations) or as a feature of a business grade internet service plan.  Even an EAS on a static IP address using a port number other than the standard port numbers 80 and 443 are exposed and are vulnerable.  If a static IP must be used, consider the installation of a router and placing both the EAS and a regular PC on that router.  Have the router set to port forward to the regular PC and have that regular PC running some kind of remote desktop software (VNC can be used but is not as secure as other solutions that may be available).  The user would log into the remote desktop (using a password) and then once there, they can use a web browser to access the EAS decoder's logon screen. 

Avoid using port forwarding directly to an EAS decoder.  Most Small Stations that use regular home or small business class internet service from their ISP will normally use a dynamic IP address.  This IP address is assigned by the ISP from a pool of IP addresses and depending on the provider, can change at any time.  Users from outside would access the router through either the dynamic IP address assigned by the ISP or using a dynamic DNS service which monitors the station's IP address and permits access through using a fully qualified domain name (FQDN).  Using port forwarding in the router, the station can set up a routing based on a "port number" used after the dynamic IP or FQDN to route to the EAS decoder. Even though this method may not make the EAS decoder easily accessed, the EAS decoder remains visible using the specific port number assigned in the router.  Instead of setting up port forwarding directly to an EAS decoder, have the router set to port forward to the regular PC and have that regular PC running some kind of remote desktop software (VNC can be used but is not as secure as other solutions that may be available).  The user would log into the remote desktop (using a password) and then once there, they can use a web browser to access the EAS decoder's logon screen. 

Limit who can access the EAS decoder (DASDEC).  An administrator level password should only be provided to those who have a direct business need to make configuration changes to their EAS decoder.  The DASDEC does provide the ability to add additional user accounts at varying levels of access based on the user's specific business need, including a "view only" level, which cannot originate alerts.  The "view only" level can be given to station staff that may need access to view past alerts or to get EAS log information, especially in the case of an inspection. 

Limit who can access the EAS decoder (Sage).  The Sage has a user level password and an administrator level password.  The user level password permits the origination of alerts so it is recommended that only those who have a true business need to configure or operate the EAS decoder should have access to this password.  Unlike the DASDEC, there is no "view only" level of access in the Sage.

Use third party sources for newsgathering and to elaborate on previous alerts.  If the station receives and forwards an EAS alert on the air and the local air talent wishes to talk more about it on the air, instead of accessing the EAS, they should use a third party source.  REC clients with a minimum spend have access to such a screen through our myLPFM portal that permits air talent to visit a web page without a password requirement to show details of unexpired EAS alerts as well as other National Weather Service bulletins that did not trigger an EAS alert.  Unexpired alert (EAS and non-EAS) details are also available at recnet.com/cap.

Periodically change passwords (Sage).  While this is not as much of an issue with the DASDEC, which can provide access at a specific user level which does not have to be shared between multiple people, this is a major vulnerability for the Sage as it only has a single user and administrative password that must be shared among all users who have a need to know.  Periodic changing of this password at either certain intervals or when someone leaves the station is very prudent to assuring the EAS remains secure. 

Disable the front panel demo alerting function (DASDEC).  The DASDEC offers a method where a demonstration alert can be sent over the air by the pushing of a front panel button.  This functionality can be disabled in the web interface using an administrator level password.  While the demo alert function is good for off-air testing of the equipment, it should not be used.  Even if the front panel function is disabled, these demo alerts can still be initiated by a higher user level from the web interface.

Immediately change default passwords.  EAS units are shipped with default passwords and sometimes systems may revert to default passwords for factory resets and software/firmware updates.  Make sure that as soon as unit is installed or otherwise has the password changed back to the defaults, they are immediately changed back to discrete passwords in order to prevent malicious access.  Also, if your station uses Barix boxes or other equipment that connects directly to the internet, make sure that you change those default passwords before putting the equipment into production service to prevent unauthorized access and program hijacking.

Keeping passwords secure.  Passwords (especially for the Sage) should not be posted in conspicuous places.  They should be kept written in a secure location that is not easily seen by any visitor or any other unauthorized person.  While we all know that keeping a house key under the doormat is not very secure, hanging the key on the front door is asking for trouble.  Same thing here. 

Place the EAS in the studio site instead of at a remote transmitter site. Placing the EAS at a remote transmitter site requires there to be an internet connection established in order to maintain the EAS if the person is not physically at the transmitter site.  Because of limited rack space at some transmitter site installations, there may be no provision to place a computer at the transmitter site to access a remote desktop to access the EAS (plus the presence the equipment at a shared site may pose some additional risks).  It is always best to have the EAS in the audio chain on the studio side before the program audio leaves the main studio location.  If a DASDEC must be installed at the transmitter site, make sure the front panel demo alert mode is disabled.

Use two factor authentication methods if they are ever offered.  Two factor authentication is an additional level of security where if someone does enter the password for the EAS decoder, the system would send an email to the authorized user with a confirmation code that must be entered. Currently, neither the DASDEC nor the Sage provide two factor authentication, but this is something that REC is pushing for as a potential solution to protect EAS decoders from false alerts due to cyber-attacks.  If these features are ever offered, we strongly suggest their use.

Use your EAS decoder's email functionality. Both the DASDEC and the Sage have the capability to email reports to one of more specific email addresses.  Both the DASDEC and Sage can send alert logs, alert notifications and errors.  We strongly recommend that in lieu of accessing the EAS decoder to get log information that the email logs sent by the EAS decoder are printed and retained as part of the station's log.  That way they can be easily reviewed by FCC staff in the event of an inspection or investigation without having to wait for a specific staff member who knows the EAS password.

Practice good common sense network security at the station.  Assure that station assets are only used for station business and that computers are only equipped with the applications necessary to run the station.  Develop policies to make clear that staff or volunteers should not use station computers to access their own emails and download attachments and to use due diligence when receiving an email with an attached file from an unknown external source.  This basic security can prevent stations from experiencing malware, spyware, ransomware and other major security risks. 

The station is your castle, make sure you are protecting it as much as possible.

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REC Advisory Letter #5: Changes to the Assignment and Transfer of LPFM stations

Fri, 10/14/2022 - 16:35

Revision 5 - November 6, 2022

In the context of smaller noncommercial educational (NCE) broadcast stations, including Low Power FM (LPFM), an “assignment” is a transaction where the license is changed (assigned) to another nonprofit entity. A “transfer” is a transaction where the license remains where the license remains with the same entity, but there is a significant change in the persons that control the licensee organization.

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Third advisory (9/12/2022)

On September 12, 2022, REC Networks had announced that they will start accepting show of interest requests from organizations wishing to participate in the next LPFM filing window.  Even though the FCC has announced previously that following the NCE window there would likely be an LPFM filing window, the FCC has not announced any dates.  We continue to anticiapte a 2023 filing window for LPFM.  Those who are interested in having REC assist them in the next LPFM filing window should visit our Show of Interest website: https://lpfm.app.  More information, including terms and conditions of REC service offerings are available at that website. 

Second advisory (8/18/2022)

REC Networks has been fielding a considerable number of inquiries regarding the next filing window for new LPFM stations.  This updated Advisory Letter will address the current status of the next LPFM window.  As previously mentioned, the FCC did state in the past, the LPFM window is expected to follow when processing of the 2021 Noncommercial Educational (NCE) filing window has calmed down.  The FCC Audio Division staff is very limited and in addition to LPFM, they also work on all other radio broadcast services (AM, full-power FM, FM translators and FM boosters).  Since the close of the NCE window in November 2021, they have performed four Threshold Fair Distribution Analyses to resolve 63 groups (including sub-groups) of mutually exclusive (MX) applications.  They also made two decisions based on Tribal Priority. The FCC also settled 5 disputed MX groups determined in the Fair Distribution Process.  These decisions are handled entirely by the Media Bureau and do not require full Commission involvement.  

For MX groups where Fair Distribution Analysis is not used, the FCC uses the point system.  The comparison of the applications using the point system is considered a "hearing" under FCC rules so therefore, the Media Bureau must prepare all of the information and then it must be circulated to the four FCC Commissioners for an up-vote.  Point hearings are a little more complex as additional research is needed to verify that all documents are in order and that claims of population and land area are correct.  They are also more vulnerable to objections.  So far, the FCC has already conducted one point system hearing consisting of 27 MX groups.  After the 2007 NCE Filing Window, the point hearing decisions normally came out about one to two months apart from each other and the number of MX groups evalulated varied between 24 and 59.

Currently, there remains 5 MX Groups that may be eligible for Fair Distribution, one of which is Tribal Priority and 65 MX groups (including sub groups) that will require a point hearing.  Our general take on this is that it is very likely, especially given holidays and other Audio Division priorities, which competes for staff time, we will likely see two more point hearings this year.  Depending on how many groups they want to take on in these hearings, two hearings may be able to sweep up the remaining pending groups.  However, it may be possible that an additional hearing may be needed in early 2023.  

It is also important to note that at this time, we are still awaiting an outcome on MB Docket 03-185, also known as the "Franken-FM" proceeding.  A part of that proceeding deals with the protection that FM facilities (full-power, LPFM and FM translator stations) must provide to TV Channel 6 stations now that the entire country, including low power TV stations have transitioned to digital.  REC Networks and National Public Radio are both supporting an elimination of these protections on Channels 203~220 (88.5~91.9) but retaining them on Channels 201 and 202 (88.1 & 88.3) due to the adjacent channel relationship with the Channel 6 spectrum from 82~88 MHz.  If the FCC does provide this relief that we are asking for, this will open some additional opportunities for new LPFM stations in certain parts of the country where full-service and low-power TV channel 6 stations currently operate.  Over the next couple of months, REC plans to engage in ex parte communications with Media Bureau and Commissioner staff in regards to this and to express our concern about the timing of this rule change on the timing of the next LPFM window.  Because of the larger benefit that opening a new LPFM window will provide, we do not want to see 03-185 delay the LPFM window.

At this time, can definitely rule out an LPFM window in 2022.  In order to assure that as much work is completed on the NCE window, including resolving objections to tentative selectees in point hearing groups, we are still pushing for an LPFM window in the early second quarter of 2023, with a first notice hopefully coming out in the first quarter.  

Again, other unexpected activities, such as an FM allotment auction, may get in the way.  The FCC was going to hold Auction 106 for FM allotments and revoked AM construction permits on April 28, 2020, but that auction was postponed due to COVID and performed as Auction 109 on July 27, 2021.  The previous Audio Division service auctions were Auctions 99 and 100 for AM Revitalization FM translators in 2018 and 2019 respectively, and the last full-power FM auction, Auction 98, was held in 2015.  Since the last FM auction was held only a year ago, it is unlikely that another one would get in the way between now and an LFPM window, but we must always prepare for it.

In the fourth quarter of 2022, REC Networks will be undergoing IT work to support a future LPFM filing window through the redevelopment of availability checks and other supporting systems.  It is our hope that by December, 2022, we will have a "show of interest" system set up where users can check for potential yes/no availability and then make a show of interest to REC Networks to have us handle the application at the time that it is done.

REC does advise all prospective LPFM licensees to assure that your organization is already registered with the Secretary of State in any state as a nonprofit corporation and to insure that all annual reports and any annual fees that the state may require are paid up.  The FCC will not license an organization that is dissolved, lapsed or delinquent.  In most cases, the state will reinstate inactive corporations retroactive to when they went delinquent.  The FCC will not license LPFM stations to individuals, partnerships, for-profit LLCs or for-profit corporations.  For unincorporated associations that can clearly demonstrate that their association was active at the time of the window may apply, but it is a complex process that, in addition to REC services, also requires the intervention of an attorney licensed to practice in your state in order to testify to the specific unincorporated assocation laws in your state.

Once again, it is our hope that the LPFM window will take place in the second quarter of 2023, but it may happen sooner or later.  Following the LPFM window, REC will be pushing for a filing window for new FM Translators in the reserved band (88.1~91.9 MHz).  There has not been a window for these stations in over 20 years.  It is also likely the FCC may also hold a translator window for noncommercial and commercial applicants in the non-reserved band (92.1~107.9 MHz).  REC is currently developing a plan to assure integrity in the licensing system by preventing speculation by applicants in the trafficking of construction permits like what took place following the 2003 "Great Translator Invasion" filing window. 

Once more information is available on the next LPFM window, we will issue a third revision to Advisory Letter #10.  We advise all parties interested in participating in the  next LPFM window to stay tuned to REC Networks at recnet.com as well as on our Facebook page https://facebook.com/recnet.  

First advisory (5/29/2021)

In this Advisory Letter, we provide notice that the Federal Communications Commission is definitely planning to schedule a filing window for new LPFM construction permits and major changes to current facilities.  This comes as a result of statements made in an Order on Reconsideration, which as of May 27, 2021 was on a circulation draft and therefore will be voted on by the full Commission on or just before their next scheduled open meeting on June 17, 2021.  We note that this document deals with two reconsideration petitions filed in MB Docket 19-193, but as the Commission had noted in the document and Acting Chairperson Janet Rosenworcel had mentioned elsewhere, the resolution of these two Petitions for Reconsideration will pave the way to the next LPFM window.

The next LPFM window will take place sometime after the FCC holds the full-service noncommercial educational FM filing window, scheduled for November, 2021.  More information about that window can be found in REC Advisory Letter #2.  We currently do not have a date for that filing window.  We will announce that in a subsequent Advisory Letter.

Upcoming filing freeze affecting secondary facilities

Prior to the opening of the LPFM filing window, the FCC may declare a spectrum freeze to assure that the spectrum remains static so new and major modified stations could be planned.  Normally, this will mean that during the freeze that no applications to modify existing LPFM stations nor FM translators will be accepted.  Applications such as license to cover a previously granted construction permit as well as administrative applications involving no modification of the physical facility will also be accepted.  Existing LPFM stations should plan their modifications prior to this freeze (which is normally 30 or more days prior to the open of the window).  The freeze will be lifted the day after the filing window closes.  Primary (full-power) FM stations would not normally be subject to a freeze for LPFM activity and will be allowed to file during the freeze and the window, however, stations that do so will not be protected from LPFM applications filed during the window.

What can be filed prior to and during a filing freeze and during the window

FCC rules currently define a minor change as a move that is less than 11.2 kilometers or upon a contour study a move beyond 11.2 km when a contour study shows that the 60 dBu service contour of the current LPFM facility overlaps the 60 dBu contour of the proposed facility.  A minor change is also defined as a change in channel where the proposed channel is 1, 2, 3, 53 or 54 channels separated (+/- 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 10.6 or 10.8 MHz). A minor change can be done to any channel if a contour study can demonstrate that the arriving interfering contours on the proposed channel are weaker than those on the current channel (thus a reduction in interference).  Any modified facility must continue to meet the distance separation requirements outlined in §73.807 of the rules and any station proposed for 88.1~91.9 must also meet §73.825 requirements to Channel 6 low power and full power TV stations.

During the filing window, an LPFM station may file for a move of over 11.2 km (where there is no overlap), even if that move is hundreds of miles away.  During the filing window, an LPFM station may request a “non-adjacent” (not 1, 2, 3, 53 or 54) channel without the need for a technical showing of reduced interference.  Again, all §73.807 and §73.825 distance separation requirements must be met.  No minor changes may be filed however license applications to cover granted construction permits and administrative applications not involving the modification of the physical facility may be filed.

Major change applications are subject to competing applications and the point system.

If an LPFM station is modified as a major change during the filing window and there are conflicting applications (such as new construction permits) filed where the multiple applications can’t be simultaneously granted, the facility (either a major change to an existing LPFM or an original construction permit application by a new applicant) will be considered mutually exclusive and will follow the FCC’s selection process outlined in §73.872 of the rules which includes the use of the point system.  If a major change application ends up not being the tentative selectee, then the existing LPFM license will remain in force. If granted, the existing LPFM station will remain authorized to broadcast until program testing begins on the new station.  LPFM stations are unable to simultaneously both the current station and the recently authorized changed facility.

Existing LPFM stations making major moves in the LPFM filing window must continue to meet the localism requirements, which for educational LPFMs would be either the headquarters or a campus within 20 miles of the transmitting antenna (10 miles in markets 1~50 or at least 75% of the organization’s board members reside within 20 miles of the transmitting antenna (10 miles in markets 1~50).

The LPFM point system

LPFM applications, including major change applications filed during the filing window will be subject to the Commission's point system for mutually exclusive applications.  Points are given based on the following:

  • Local presence (1 point) – applicant has been established for at least two years prior to filing and either the organization or 75% of the board members are located within 20 miles of the proposed antenna site (10 miles for major media markets 1 through 50).
  • Main studio pledge (1 point) – applicant pledges that if the permit is won on points, they will maintain a publicly accessible main studio that is open at least 20 hours per week.
  • Local programming pledge (1 point) – applicant pledges that if the permit is won on points, they will carry at least 8 hours per day of programming that originated from within 20 miles of the transmitting antenna (10 miles for major media markets 1 through 50).
  • Bonus point (1 point) – A bonus point is given for applicants who can make both the main studio and local programming pledges.
  • Diversity in ownership (1 point) – a point can be claimed if the LPFM station is the applicant’s only media holding.  A major change LPFM applicant will be able to claim this point because even though the applicant already has a media holding already (the LPFM station), that station will be moved and they will not be able to operate both facilities simultaneously.
  • Tribal priority (1 point) – a point can be claimed if the applicant is a tribal enterprise and that the proposed station is located on tribal land.

Major change applicants will be permitted to aggregate points with new entrant applicants to allow for voluntary time sharing and if a major change applicant prevails in a FCC review of the points (such as when no agreement can be made), the LPFM would be subject to the main studio and local programming pledges (if they claimed those points) and may be prohibited from assigning their license to another organization for a period of 4 years following the grant of the license covering the construction permit.  Major change applicants may be subject to involuntary time sharing, where if a voluntary agreement is not reached in the future, could result in a non-renewable license.

REC's services, system support and handling of the LPFM filing window

In June, 2021, REC will start our system changes to support the LPFM window.  For now, prospective new applicants can use REC’s PREMIS system in order to check basic LPFM availability information at their proposed station location.  Channel numbers will not be provided. 

By the end of 2022, REC will announce our service offering to support major changes and original construction permits including the publication of a transparent rate table.

REC currently has no dates or even any estimate from FCC staff regarding the timing of this window, but we do not feel this window will take place until at least early 2023.

Any announcements regarding this window will be first posted on the REC Networks Facebook page.  Please make sure to like that page in order to receive up to the minute updates before they are posted on the website.

As of May 29, 2021, REC is not ready to accept shows of interest either from existing LPFM stations seeking a major change nor from prospective new entrants.  We will continue to post information, update our frequently asked questions list and service information as well as develop systems to support the window.  As of August 18, 2022, we still are not accepting show of interests yet as we do not anticipate a window this year.  We plan to open up show of interest in the 4th quarter of 2022.

Additional information for new entrants

REC reminds new entrants who wish to file in the LPFM filing window, that prior to filing, their organization must be registered with a state Corporation Commission or similar government entity as a non-profit corporation.  The FCC will not license LPFM stations to individuals, partnerships, for-profit private corporations, for-profit stock corporations, LLCs or any other for-profit entity type.  The organization must be an existing educational organization with an educational purpose and construction permits will only be granted to organizations that can make a satisfactory showing that the proposed radio station will advance the organization’s educational program.  The organization is not required to be a §501(c) non-profit charity. 

For new entrants, please note that this REC Advisory Letter series mainly addresses updated information of interest to existing LPFM stations and does not normally address issues directly affecting new entrant applicants.  Information for new LPFM applicants can be found on the REC website at this URL:
https://recnet.com/lpfm

Document History

  • First advisory: May 29, 2021
  • Second advisory: August 18, 2022
  • Third advisory: September 12, 2022.
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The following information is from the Society of Broadcast Engineers (SBE).  REC's additional comments are in bold.

On Aug. 1, 2022, The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) released an IPAWS advisory noting a vulnerability in the Emergency Alert System (EAS). EAS encoder/decoders that have not been updated to the most recent software versions, could allow unauthorized access to issue EAS alerts. 

The vulnerability is public knowledge and will be demonstrated to a large public audience in the coming weeks at a trade convention.

FEMA strongly encourages EAS participants to ensure that:
1. EAS devices and supporting systems are up to date with the most recent software versions and security patches;
2. EAS devices are protected by a firewall;
3. EAS devices and supporting systems are monitored and audit logs are regularly reviewed looking for unauthorized access.

CNN reports that the issue is specific to Monroe DASDEC units. The Indiana Association of Broadcasters (IAB) has confirmed this with FEMA and the NAB.

The IAB notes that this vulnerability is not new. It was first reported in 2013 during the so-called zombie attacks, however, it appears that the security patch provided by Monroe at the time did not completely resolve the problem. Several software updates have been issued since then, and stations that have updated to version 4.0 or higher are secure. However, any device that has not been updated to version 4.0 remains vulnerable. The cybersecurity researcher referenced in the CNN article was apparently able to identify a number of EAS devices that could be hacked. He is apparently planning to share his finding at a public conference on Aug. 11-14.

REC is aware that some LPFM stations may be operating a DASDEC EAS with version 3.x.  It is very important that you consider making the upgrade to version 4.x.  This is not a sales pitch.  This is a serious issue.  We are not aware if Monroe will be making an emergency patch for 3.x users, so the most prudent thing for LPFM stations that are on DASDEC II version 3.x or earlier is to upgrade to version 4.x if their equipment is compatible (DASDECs of earlier than 2014 vintage may have a hardware incompatibility).   

For more information on the software upgrade for DASDEC units only, visit:
https://www.digitalalertsystems.com/EAS_DAS/V4_software.html

Regardless of which EAS your station has, you should take the time to determine your current software version and contact your EAS manufacturer to determine if you have the most current version of  your software.   Also, please follow the recommendations above to assure that your EAS is safe from cyberattacks.

EAS manufacturer websites:
https://www.digitalalertsystems.com/
http://www.gorman-redlich.com/
https://www.sagealertingsystems.com/

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Original version: August 5, 2022

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LPFM Advisory Letter #9 (2021-update 2) – EAS National Periodic Test

Wed, 06/08/2022 - 18:30

Original version – 05/05/2021 / Updated 06/11/2021 / Second update 07/07/2021 / Third update 06/08/2022

For 2022, FEMA has announced that there will be no National Periodic Test this year.  The next one is planned for early 2023.

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has announced that there will be a National Periodic Test (NPT) of the Emergency Alert System (EAS) in 2021.

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REC LPFM Advisory Letter #12 - Sunset of Analog Low Power TV Channel 6 Operations and Future Protection of Digital TV Channel 6 LPTV Stations (Updated 7/16/21)

Wed, 07/14/2021 - 20:37

July 13, 2021 was the final day for analog low power TV (LPTV) stations. A few LPTV stations in remote Alaskan villages were given authority to continue analog service until a time when those sites can be reached to convert to digital.

This also means that the so-called “Franken FM” (or “FM6”) stations (channel 6 LPTV stations that are using their audio carrier at 87.75 MHz to operate like an FM radio station) are also supposed to shut down.

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REC LPFM Advisory Letter #11 - LP250 Upgrade: Technical Planning Considerations for LPFM Stations

Sun, 06/13/2021 - 11:58

With the recent public notice by the FCC, placing the latest REC LP-250 Petition for Rulemaking, “Simple250” to public comment as RM-11909, there has been an increased excitement within the community of the prospect that someday, many LPFM stations would be able to increase to 250 watts ERP (or its >30 meter HAAT equivalent).

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REC Advisory Letter #4: Directional antennas for LPFM stations

Mon, 05/24/2021 - 12:05

Updated February 2, 2022 to clearly indicate in what cases the "directional" functionality on the LMS form (Schedule 318) is used and when a directional anenna needs to be written as "non-directional" in LMS.

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